Time for another Rome-America parallel. Increasingly, the American Republic is looking like the Roman Republic of the First Century BC. As usual, the Roman background will be followed by the American parallel.
We start with the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla (Sulla). He was a politician in the late second and early first centuries BC. A staunch traditionalist, he did not approve of the new direction (as he saw it) of the state. From time immemorial, the Senate had been the politically dominant body in the state, but there were two areas of specific control: state finances and foreign affairs.
To challenge the dominance of the nobiles (notables – an inner clique of Senators within the wider group) in these spheres was practically revolutionary. These men, so the logic went, had earned the right to be listened to due to generation of service to the state by their ancestors. You may recall from my previous post (The American Revolution) that the Gracchi brothers had challenged the aforementioned Senatorial dominance, and paid the price. Now we have another example of this ‘interference’, and a terrible response.
Sulla had been Consul (one of two chief executives elected annually) in 88BC, and had been assigned a command in the East by the Senate, which was the traditional way that such commands were allocated. However, Sulla’s personal enemy, Marius, desired the same command, and used a Tribune to pass a law granting it to him. This was intolerable for Sulla, who was gathering his forces in the south of Italy. Upon hearing of the granting to Marius what he considered to be his command, he marched his troops on the City.
When the Senate learned of Sulla’s intentions, a delegation was sent out. This is a useful example of the sheer impotence of the civilian government, but back to the plot. The members asked Sulla ‘why are you doing this?’. Sulla’s response is indicative ‘To free her [Rome] from her tyrants’ he said. The tyrants of this comment are the Tribunes and Marius, who, in Sulla’s mind, had usurped his command. He took the City by force, settled the affairs of state as best he could, and set out for the East. It is what happened upon his return that is most important, though.
When he returned, Sulla marched on the City again, since, in his absence, his enemies had taken it over. When he achieved final victory, he was elected Dictator, an extraordinary magistracy not held in more than 150 years. It was designed for emergencies. The Dictator was an individual appointed to see to a specific crisis, usually identified in his mandate. His term of office was six months, or until the task was completed, whichever came first. Sulla’s Dictatorial mandate was usefully broad. He was Dictator legibus scribondis et rei publicae constituendae or ‘The Dictator for the writing of laws and the reconstitution of the state’ – in other words – over everything.
Sulla used his Dictatorship to institute proscriptions of his opponents. A proscription is effectively a death list, the writing up in a public place of a name. Such a condemned individual could be killed with impunity, regardless of rank. Thousands perished in this purge. Sulla then went on to institute a reactionary, conservative agenda designed to legislate the pre-eminence of the Senate. Sulla had used authoritarian tactics in defence of the status quo.
This set a terrible precedent: the involvement of the army in politics would be the death knell of the Republic. Sulla had used revolutionary tactics to defend the established order. That this sort of political violence was even an option suggests this point as the true death of the Roman Republic. The next fifty years, down to the victory of Augustus at Actium in 31BC, was simply matter of determining the details of what would replace the Republic.
Now to the American parallel. Earlier this week, Maine Governor Paul LePage said that America needed
Donald Trump to show some authoritarian power, to bring back the rule of law. We’ve had eight years of a President that…he’s an autocrat, he does it on his own, he ignores Congress, and every single day we’re slipping into anarchy, and I just think that four more years of a similar mentality is gonna destroy this nation
Ok – a translation. Rule of law means government by Republicans. Mr. Obama as ‘an autocrat’ refers to the Executive Order on Immigration, which came about only because of Republican inaction and obduracy on the issue. Finally, four more years of a similar mentality means continued government by Democrats under Mrs. Clinton.
But did you catch it there at the start? Authoritarian power to bring back the rule of law. This is precisely what Sulla did: use authoritarian tactics to reinstall the Senate as the chief wing of the state. This is what Mr. LePage is suggesting that Mr. Trump do: rule as an autocrat to re-establish ‘rule of law’- yes, because the establishment and the rich have just been crushed under the Nike shoe of the Gangsta Street Agitator and Chicago Thug in Chief.
Grow up you child – can you not see the terribly destructive precedent this sets? The invocation of autocracy, the very concept to which America is anathema, as a means to save it? Lose to win, sink to swim, escalate to disengage
In related news, a woman told Mike Pence, Mr. Trump’s VP Nominee, that she wanted ‘a revolution’ if Mrs. Clinton and Mr. Kaine were elected in November. Now, to Mr. Pence’s credit, he reacted appropriately by telling her ‘Don’t say that’ in an almost visceral way, but the mentality is there, from both the elected officials in Mr LePage, and from the rank and file in this woman.
This is extremely dangerous: there is a crack in the dam and people are burrowing into it.
CA